#empty-domain

1 question from Knowledge Representation & Reasoning

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Question 1: Single choice

hardAI-checkedKnowledge Representation & Reasoning

Which of these first-order sentences is a validity, i.e. true in every interpretation?

$\forall x\, J(x) \leftrightarrow \exists x\, J(x)$ 1
$\exists x\,(G(x) \to \forall y\, M(y))$ 2
$\forall x\,(A(x) \to B(x)) \to \exists x\, B(x)$ 3
$\forall x\, J(x) \to \exists x\, J(x)$ 4

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